中(zhong)山(shan)熱處理加工是將金屬材料放在一定的介質內加熱、保溫、冷卻，通過改變材料表面或內部的金相組織結構,來控制其性能的一種金屬熱加工工藝。金屬中山熱處理是機械制造中的重要工藝之一。

金屬中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)熱(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)是(shi)機(ji)械(xie)制(zhi)造中(zhong)的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)，與其(qi)(qi)他加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)相(xiang)比，中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)熱(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)一(yi)(yi)般不改(gai)變(bian)(bian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)形狀和(he)整體的(de)(de)化(hua)學成(cheng)(cheng)分，而是(shi)通過改(gai)變(bian)(bian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)內(nei)部的(de)(de)顯微(wei)組(zu)織，或(huo)改(gai)變(bian)(bian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)表面的(de)(de)化(hua)學成(cheng)(cheng)分，賦予(yu)或(huo)改(gai)善工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)性能(neng)。其(qi)(qi)特點是(shi)改(gai)善工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)內(nei)在質量(liang)，而這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)般不是(shi)肉(rou)眼所(suo)能(neng)看到的(de)(de)。為使金屬工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)具有所(suo)需要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)力學性能(neng)、物理(li)(li)性能(neng)和(he)化(hua)學性能(neng)，除合理(li)(li)選用(yong)(yong)材(cai)料和(he)各種成(cheng)(cheng)形工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)外(wai)，中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)熱(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)往(wang)往(wang)是(shi)必不可(ke)少的(de)(de)。鋼(gang)鐵(tie)是(shi)機(ji)械(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業中(zhong)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)最廣的(de)(de)材(cai)料，鋼(gang)鐵(tie)顯微(wei)組(zu)織復雜，可(ke)以(yi)通過中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)熱(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)予(yu)以(yi)控制(zhi)，所(suo)以(yi)鋼(gang)鐵(tie)的(de)(de)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)熱(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)是(shi)金屬中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)熱(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)內(nei)容。另外(wai)，鋁(lv)、銅、鎂、鈦等(deng)及(ji)其(qi)(qi)合金也(ye)都可(ke)以(yi)通過中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)熱(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)改(gai)變(bian)(bian)其(qi)(qi)力學、物理(li)(li)和(he)化(hua)學性能(neng)，以(yi)獲得不同(tong)的(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)性能(neng)。

中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)理(li)工(gong)藝一(yi)般(ban)包(bao)括加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)、保溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、冷卻三個過程(cheng)，有時(shi)(shi)(shi)只有加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)和(he)冷卻兩個過程(cheng)。這些過程(cheng)互相(xiang)銜接，不可(ke)(ke)間(jian)(jian)斷。加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)工(gong)序之一(yi)。金(jin)屬(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)方法很(hen)多，最早是采用(yong)木炭(tan)和(he)煤作為熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)，近而應(ying)用(yong)液體(ti)和(he)氣(qi)體(ti)燃料(liao)。電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)使加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)易于(yu)控(kong)制(zhi)，且無(wu)環境污染。利用(yong)這些熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)直(zhi)接加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)，也(ye)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)通過熔融的(de)(de)(de)(de)鹽或(huo)金(jin)，以(yi)(yi)至浮動(dong)粒子進(jin)行(xing)間(jian)(jian)接加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)。金(jin)屬(shu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，工(gong)件(jian)暴露在(zai)空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，常(chang)常(chang)發生氧化、脫碳(tan)(即鋼鐵零件(jian)表面碳(tan)含(han)量(liang)(liang)降低)，這對于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)理(li)后(hou)零件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表面性能有很(hen)不利的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。因而金(jin)屬(shu)通常(chang)應(ying)在(zai)可(ke)(ke)控(kong)氣(qi)氛或(huo)保護(hu)氣(qi)氛中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、熔融鹽中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)真空(kong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)，也(ye)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)涂料(liao)或(huo)包(bao)裝方法進(jin)行(xing)保護(hu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)。加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)理(li)工(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)工(gong)藝參數之一(yi)，選擇和(he)控(kong)制(zhi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)，是保證中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)理(li)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)問題。加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)隨被(bei)處(chu)(chu)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)材料(liao)和(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同而異，但一(yi)般(ban)都是加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)到相(xiang)變(bian)(bian)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)以(yi)(yi)上，以(yi)(yi)獲得高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)組(zu)織。另外轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)需要(yao)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)，因此當金(jin)屬(shu)工(gong)件(jian)表面達到要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，還(huan)須在(zai)此溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)保持一(yi)定(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)，使內外溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)一(yi)致(zhi)，使顯微組(zu)織轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)，這段時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)稱為保溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)。采用(yong)高(gao)能密度(du)(du)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)和(he)表面中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)理(li)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)速度(du)(du)極快，一(yi)般(ban)就沒有保溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)，而化學中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)處(chu)(chu)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)往往較長。

冷卻也是中山熱處理工藝過程中不可缺少的步驟，冷卻方法因工藝不同而不同，主要是控制冷卻速度。一般退火的冷卻速度最慢，正火的冷卻速度較快，淬火的冷卻速度更快。但還因鋼種不同而有不同的要求，例如空硬鋼就可以用正火一樣的冷卻速度進行淬硬。        //nii-tech.cn